Things Too Costly
Many things are possible in advertising which are too costly to attempt.
That is another reason why every project and method should be weighed
and determined by a known scale of cost and result.
Changing peoples habits is very expensive. A project which involves
that must be seriously considered. To sell shaving soap to the peasants
of Russia one would first need to change their beard wearing habits.
The cost would be excessive. Yet countless advertisers try to do things
almost as impossible. Just because questions are not ably considered,
and results are traced but unknown.
For instance, the advertiser of a dentifrice may spend much space
and money to educate people to brush their teeth. Tests which we know
of have indicated that the cost of such converts may run from $20
to $25 each. Not only because of the difficulty, but because much
of the advertising goes to people already converted.
Such a cost, of course, is unthinkable. One might not in a lifetime
get it back in sales. The maker who learned these facts by tests make
no attempt to educate people to the tooth brush habit. What cannot
be done on a large scale profitably can not be done on a small scale.
So not one line in any ad is devoted to this object. This maker, who
is constantly guided in everything by keying every ad, has made remarkable
success.
Another dentifrice maker spends much money to make converts to the
tooth brush. The object is commendable, but altruistic. The new business
he creates is shared by his rivals. He is wondering why his sales
increase is in no way commensurate with his expenditure.
An advertiser at one time spent much money to educate people to the
use of oatmeal. The results were too small to discover. All people
know of oatmeal. As a food for children it has age-old fame. Doctors
have advised it for many generations. People who don't serve oatmeal
are therefore difficult to start. Perhaps their objections are insurmountable.
Anyway, the cost proved to be beyond all possible return.
There are many advertisers who know facts like these and concede
them. They would not think of devoting a whole campaign to any such
impossible object. Yet they devote a share of their space to that
object. That is only the same folly on a smaller scale. It is not
good business.
No one orange grower or raisin grower could attempt to increase the
consumption of those fruits. The cost might be a thousand times his
share of the returns. But thousands of growers combined have done
it on those and many other lines. There lies one of the great possibilities
of advertising development. The general consumption of scores of foods
can be profitably increased. But it must be done on wide co-operation.
No advertiser could afford to educate people on vitamins or germicides.
Such things are done by authorities, through countless columns of
unpaid-for space. But great successes have been made by going to people
already educated and satisfying their created wants.
It is a very shrewd thing to watch the development of a popular trend,
the creation of new desires. Then at the right time offer to satisfy
those desires. That was done on yeast's, for instance, and on numerous
antiseptics. It can every year be done on new things which some popular
fashion or widespread influence is brought into vogue. But it is a
very different thing to create that fashion, taste or influence for
all in your field to share.
There are some things we know of which might possibly be sold to
half the homes in the country. A Dakin-fluid germicide, for instance.
But the consumption would be very small. A small bottle might last
for years. Customers might cost $1.50 each. And the revenue per customer
might not in ten years repay the cost of getting. Mail order sales
on single articles, however popular, rarely cost less that $42.50
each. It is reasonable to suppose that sales made through dealers
on like articles will cost approximately as much. Those facts must
be considered on any one-sale article. Possibly one user will win
others. But traced returns as in mail order advertising would prohibit
much advertising which is now being done.
Costly mistakes are made by blindly following some ill-conceived
idea. An article, for instance, may have many uses, one of which is
to prevent disease. Prevention is not a popular subject, however much
it should be. People will do much to cure trouble, but people in general
will do little to prevent it. This has been proved my many disappointments.
One may spend much money in arguing prevention when the same money
spent on another claim would bring many times the sales. A heading
which asserts one claim may bring ten times the results of a heading
which asserted another. An advertiser may go far astray unless he
finds out.
A tooth paste may tend to prevent decay. It may also beautify teeth.
Tests will probably find that the latter appeal is many times as strong
as the former. The most successful tooth paste advertiser never features
tooth troubles in his headlines. Tests have proved them unappealing.
Other advertisers in this line center on those troubles. That is often
because results are not known and compared.
A soap may tend to cure eczema. It may at the same time improve complexion.
The eczema claim may appeal to one in a hundred while the beauty claims
would appeal to nearly all. To even mention the eczema claims might
destroy the beauty claims.
A man has a relief for asthma. It has done so much for him he considers
it a great advertising possibility. We have no statistics on this
subject. We do not know the percentage of people who suffer from asthma.
A canvass might show it to be one in a hundred. If so, he would need
to cover a hundred useless readers to reach one he wants. His cost
of result might be twenty times as high as on another article which
appeals to one in five. That excessive cost would probably mean disaster.
For reasons like these every new advertiser should seek for wise advice.
No one with the interests of advertising at heart will advise any
dubious venture.
Some claims not popular enough to feature in the main are still popular
enough to consider. They influence a certain number of people - say
one-fourth of your possible customers. Such claims may be featured
to advantage in a certain percentage of headlines. It should probably
be included in every advertisement. But those are not things to guess
at. They should be decided by actual knowledge, usually by traced
returns.
This chapter, like every chapter, points out a very important reason
for knowing your results. Scientific advertising is impossible without
that. So is safe advertising. So is maximum profit.
Groping in the dark in this field has probably cost enough money
to pay the national debt. That is what has filled the advertising
graveyards. That is what has discouraged thousands who could profit
in this field. And the dawn of knowledge is what is bringing a new
day in the advertising world.
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